Race Relations During The Early Colonization Of America

Race Relations in America Race relations are the ways in which people of different races living together in the same community behave towards one another. through the centuries race relations have played key roles in shaping our nation from the early colonization of America till now. American race relations started in early 1600’s when the English settlers arrived. We see the English arrive in North America where they attempt to establish themselves. Unfortunately the continent was already inhabited by native americans they called â€Å"Indians† because they believed at the time they were in the Indies. Moving forward in the 17th century the colonist and Indians are facing turmoil, the English sought peace with the Indians in an attempt to be different than the Spanish who were brutish and violent. Nevertheless the conflict was seemingly unavoidable hundreds of Indians raided the colonies before they were two weeks old. In a move to protect themselves they build a wall around their colonies as a first line of defense against what some referred to as the â€Å"savages†. Throughout this century we would see constant brutality from both sides back and fourth though each side had their own advantages, they also had devastating disadvantages. The English brought with them technology outside the reach of the Natives, Firearms. The English also unwittingly carried what would be their most powerful weapon, Disease that would later cripple the Indians dramatically tipping the scales for theShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Spanish And English Colonization1012 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 15th through 17th centuries, advancements in technology and the desire for new resources spurred the exploration of the New World for both Spain and England. 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She explained about the different treatments during those times in which the social and racial class it was divided. Cuba and Argentina it was characterize by the separation of skin color. The Anglo-Saxon in Argentina and Cuba have the idea of superiority race and inferiorityRead MoreIntroduction. The Film, Gallipoli, Directed By Peter Weir,1677 Words   |  7 Pageshistory. The film depicts heritage myths regarding Australian culture; and Australia’s size in the world at large. Weir’s Gallipoli is taken from an Australian perspective and presents a compressed narrative of the events that shaped Australian society during World War I. The 20th Century saw the emergence of cinematography as a primary medium. One aspect of cinematography that is popular with audiences is war movies; movies that depict key battles that helped to shape the countries involved . GallipoliRead MoreLooking For Sanctuary : Mexico s Image Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesof his law degree in the United States. 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Muhammed airs out the deeply embedded notions of African-Americans as a dangerous race of criminals in a rather unfair contrast to working-class

Use Of No Suicide Contracts With Mentally Ill Patients

This report is a critical review of the evidence around the use of no-suicide contracts with mentally ill patients experiencing suicidal ideation. It will ask the question â€Å"When treating mentally ill patients, does the use of ‘No- Suicide contracts reduce suicide outcomes?†. Suicide is a global concern and given the current social and economic difficulties current society face, is imperative we continue to consider effective suicide prevention strategies. The literature suggests that no suicide contracts are widely used within this area of practice and are concerned with asking a person to promise not to harm themselves. This report suggests that there is limited evidence to support the effectiveness of no suicide contracts. However where they have been used successfully, it may be the use of the relationship between the clinician and patient which influences the positive outcome. Based on the findings the report recommends that further training around clinical ris k management and suicide prevention strategies should be offered to a local team to reduce the use of no suicide contracts in isolation. Bridges transformation model was used to develop and implement an action plan to support change. Introduction. This report aims to critically review the literature around the use of no suicide contracts (NSC), in the in the treatment of mentally ill patients experiencing suicidality. It will aim to review the literature, including local and national policy, considering theShow MoreRelatedThe Implications Of The Criminal Justice System Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is why it has great difficulties in trying to find a right balance of how to deal with the numerous different individuals that have particular needs. In this paper, I will address the implications brought upon by mentally ill and aboriginal offenders in prison. Mentally ill and aboriginal prisoners pose different and unique challenges to the criminal justice system, such as in relation to correctional personnel, the inmate population, and the community. Prison, as many sociologist see itRead More The Pros and Cons of Managed Mental Health Care Essay examples1462 Words   |  6 Pagescorporations to keep costs low and still make money. Proper implementation of managed mental health care would likely result in high quality, low cost mental health care. Introduction Two decades ago hospitals were for the physically ill and asylums were for the mentally ill. With the stigma fading from mental illness and a movement toward deinstitutionalization, this paradigm of segregation of mental and physical health care does not hold true today. A direct effect of the paradigm shift is a greaterRead MoreEuthanasi The Argument Against Euthanasia1945 Words   |  8 Pagesconcern for that person.† Arguments for euthanasia is the prevention of the unnecessary prolonging of suffering of the patient who is diagnosed with a terminal illness, and their families, also, there is the argument of using resources, economic and human, in efforts to keep people who have incurable diseases alive. Arguments against euthanasia is that the thought of having assisted suicide could be a result of misdiagnosis from a doctor, and also, that euthanasia is the process of killing someone, whichRead MoreAn Individual s Health Status Of Your Vulnerable Group1700 Words   |  7 Pageslikely to die due to their untreated mental or physical health problems (Funk, Drew, Knapp, 2012). Having a chronic medical condition such as Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) put them at an increase risk of suicide and depression. Due to the lack of proper health care and unhealthy and risky behaviors the prognosis is usually poor (Funk, Drew, Knapp, 2012). There was a study done that showed about 75-85 percent have a harder time or is unable to access properRead MoreImmanuel Kants Ethical View On Health Care2117 Words   |  9 Pages5. Legalization would bring honesty, clarity and transparency to an existing practice. Meier et.al (1998) in his national survey of physician assisted suicide and euthanasia in the US; found that even when PAS is not legalized, there have been requests to hasten death in some situations. 6. A lot of those supporting PAS argue that it helps cut down on the health care costs. With the last report showing $ 170 billion spent on the last six months of one’s life, its clear health care is at its peakRead MoreThe Face Of Physician Assisted Suicide Or Pas1862 Words   |  8 PagesIn 2014, Brittany Maynard became the face for those supporting physician assisted suicide or PAS. 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Why were Witches women Free Essays

For over three centuries, early modern Europe was largely dominated by witchcraft persecutions, the scale of which such atrocities had never been witnessed before. These persecutions arose from various significant instabilities of the times. Tens of thousands of executions were carried out, especially within Central Europe and the vast majority of deaths were attributed to women. We will write a custom essay sample on Why were Witches women? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is what was most remarkable about this period; the fact that so many women were recognised as practitioners of witchcraft. I shall be closely following the reasons for such large-scale prosecutions within the early modern period. In particular, I shall be looking at the different sub-categories concerning reasons for such a rise in the nature of witch prosecutions. These categories will be broken up as follows; the Church’s view on maleficia, whom the witches were, the effect society had on the arrival of witchcraft, literature’s perspective, natural thought and freethinking, and the confessions of witches. The Church was integral to the whole belief system within modern day Europe and was the main, driving component for social, economic and religious conformity. However, the Catholic Church as a unit had been threatened through ‘The Reformation’ and theological perceptions and ideas were changing. People’s interpretations and prior beliefs were now being challenged, criticised and there was now total religious uncertainty and unbalance within society. ‘This consequently led to the powerful ‘Counter Reformation’ in which the Catholic Church began an attempt to not only counter the Protestant Reformation, but also to eliminate corruption, educate clergy and inspire faith in the common people’- (B. P. Levack, 1995). The combination of these two ecclesiastical revolutions induced the inevitable religious disorder, which in turn would spur the rise and development of more numerous and more extreme witch-hunts. In addition, these two reformed religions placed a renewed importance upon individual morals. ‘This issued many with the desire to place the burden of sins upon someone else, and in effect to acquire a scapegoat’- (B. P. Levack, 1995). Throughout history, such scapegoats have generally been the rejects of society, the loners, the sick, and the poor. This age was no different and in their search for a victim, someone to hold responsible, they found the witches. This period of great religious, social and economic transformation combined with the prevalence of epidemics and natural disasters now had a target on whom to lay all the blame upon; a physical embodiment of the evil that had been endured. Furthermore, as well as Martin Luther and Jean Calvin highlighting and condoning the burning of witches as ‘whores of Satan’, the Church as a whole was responsible for accepting witchcraft as part of society, essentially forming the moral backing needed for such large-scale atrocities. So then, in 1485 the Catholic inquisition authorities published ‘Malleus Maleficarum’. This was essentially a book, confirming women as those responsible for witchcraft, as those capable of evil and temptation. ‘Women are by nature instruments of Satan†¦ they are by nature carnal, a structural defect rooted in the original creation’ The bible also condemned witchcraft, or so people thought. Within Exodus 22:18 it orders, â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live†. It is then this mixture of Church and theological backing that gave the people of Europe the authority to act upon the ‘witches’ within society, and to destroy anyone suspected of witchcraft. ‘It is interesting to note then that this period of witch-hunting was most intense within Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Scotland, where the countries were religiously heterogeneous’- (G. Geis, 1997), comprising a mix of numerous Protestant and Catholic believers. Moreover, the witch-hunts themselves have long been seen as part of a ‘war against women’, conducted overwhelmingly by men and particularly, by those in authority. Infact, Deborah Willis notes that â€Å"more polemical† feminist accounts â€Å"are likely to portray the witch as a heroic protofeminist resisting patriarchal oppression and a wholly innocent victim of a male-authored reign of terror designed to keep women in their place. † – (D. Willis, 1995, in web page). Holistically speaking, the Church’s contribution to witchcraft fears and prosecutions led to the general belief within society that demons actively interfered upon the Earth and that witches were hugely prevalent concerning the interactions with and/or the dealings with such forces upon the Earth. In general, there was a greatly intensified and invigorated belief in the supernatural. For those who did not believe in such ideas, it still remained a plausible and effective tool for shifting the blame onto the women within society. It is now important to fully recognise whom these witches were and to discern the types of women victimised for such ‘crimes against humanity’. In general, it was the women from the lower sections of society who were seen as those who had the opportunity to commit harmful acts. Those who were widows and so were therefore able to conceal things and to hide within the cloak of darkness; to practice their magic and to meet with their familiars and even with the Devil himself, were often susceptible to prosecutions. In addition, these women were seen as ‘vessels of nature’ and much closer to the environment and conditions of nature than men, and so more able to dominate the elements. The number of unmarried women was also increasing and this was another cause for fear within society. These women were considered a burden on society. The other group vulnerable to witchcraft accusations were midwives. One of the ostensible practices of witches was the execution and cannibalism of infants, especially those who had not yet been baptised into the Christian faith. Therefore, it is of no surprise that this particular group was especially focused upon in terms of prosecutions. It was essentially a way for grieving families to be able to lay blame upon the midwife for the death of their child, particularly within times of increasing infant mortality and occasional infanticide. The general view however was that witches were often cited as those ‘outsiders of society’, reliant upon community relief and benefits, draining the land of it’s wealth. Additionally, women were often cited with sorcery because of their traditional roles as cooks, nurses, midwives and keepers of the home. Witches were often associated as those who were in league with the Devil and as those who would meet at ‘Sabbats’ to create spells, curses, practice killings and take part in lewd sexual acts with one another and with Satan himself. Single women were particularly focused upon for prosecutions concerning sexual abominations, as they were seen as more easily seductable and by far more sexual by nature. Indeed, the fact that the Devil was depicted as being the very form of a man highly extenuated the belief that women did take part in such acts. Society also saw women as being weaker in every sense of the word. They did not have the political power or physical capabilities to defend themselves. Therefore, they were thought to use magic to defend themselves and additionally make pacts with the Devil to achieve various things against their enemies. However, ‘the great witch hunts of the medieval period were long depicted as a ‘war against women’, conducted mainly by men, especially those in central authority’ (Willis, Malevolent Nurture, p. 12). The reason for this was ostensibly that men wanted to keep women in their rightful place within society, largely pacified and subdued. This came with the great fear of feminist accounts, which started to take place within this period. The subject of women projected as witches was widely held in belief within local communities and often formed the deciding factor in disputes within local communities. So if a particular person has had a bad harvest, or their child has dies in the night, the climate of Early Modern Europe was conducive to such accusations and provided the ammunition with which to prosecute. The times of the period were one of extreme economic turbulence and poverty. Across Western Europe in particular, the gulf between the rich and poor was consistently growing and there was a general decline also in the living standards of much of Europe. These conditions may however have persuaded people to contemplate using magic to help themselves and to achieve monetary or land gains, but on the other hand, it also maintained that accusations would be at a new high. Below is a table showing the relevance of monetary/land/food disputes within local communities and the effect being a widow within society would have concerning such disputes and jealousies in Essex, 1564-89: Kinship Relationships Husband and Wife * 4 Unspecified Quarrels (2) Sexual Jealousy (1) Broken Marriage Contract (1) Stepfather and Stepchild 1 Over Inheritance Grandmother and Grandchild 1 Obligation to collect wood Total 6 Neighbourly Relationships * (Object of dispute) * Food/Drink * 12 Animals 4 Money * 8 Implements 4 Unspecified loans 3 Boundaries/Land * 4 Children 3 Total 48 The difference shown in number between kinship quarrels and disputes within the community is substantial. It demonstrates the heightened debates and tension with local communities and supports the view that widows were particularly attacked within these times as defenceless, unimportant people of the community. Another crucial part of women being persecuted as witches, developed through another mind controlling and prevalent technique within this time period. This was the use of literature, so covering everything from the bible and Church readings to pamphlets and novels written within the time. It is not surprising that the ‘Malleus maleficarum’ had such an influential effect upon the rise of women as victims of mass witch prosecutions. Shakespeare also wrote within this time period and included a wide range of texts, often shadowing events and topics within Europe at the time. One of the key texts he wrote was that of ‘Macbeth’, where Macbeth and his wife gradually murder various people in line to the succession of Kingship for their own gratuitous ends. The central factor towards their warped ideals and evil dealings was that of the witches within the moors. These of course were depicted purely as women, with similar characteristics to those generally seen as witches within this same period. The very fact that Lady Macbeth had to effectively become a man and get rid of her female characteristics in order to succeed, parallels the social view of women within this time and further extenuates the likelihood of women as victims. Indeed, it is the prophecies of the witches that initiate the murder, corruption, greed and lies that manifest with Macbeth. The famous line of ‘is that a dagger I see before me’ spoken by that of Macbeth represents the conjuring of illusionary magic, produced by the witches of the time. Furthermore, the witches and his wife are inextricably linked together, in that they both influence Macbeth, and so the social view of women being manipulative, a natural temptation (as referred to in the Malleus maleficarum), a necessary evil etc is evidently shown within the literature of the time. The Catholic Church concentrated specifically upon the natural sin and evil within the individual and as mentioned previously, people saw the ‘witches’ as scapegoats, a group to blame for their sinful nature. The bible in particular was another greatly recognised and taught book within society and the very story of creation within Genesis demonstrates the sinful, easily tempted and generally weak nature of women. Also, within Revelation (the concluding chapter of the Bible), the sinful woman of ‘Babylon†¦ he Great Prostitute’, was also another indication of the weakness of women and showed this to be the case from the very beginning of creation to the very end. In general, the people of Europe saw the massacre of the ‘witches’ as a religious war of enacting justice on those directly against the will of God. One notion spread throughout literature was that of witches contacting and serving Diana, the ‘Goddess of the Moon’. Women were hence seen as the most likely persons to communicate with ‘Diana’ as a league of women joined together. Some confessed to actually riding with Diana and taking part in various activities, however they were later recognised to be delusional. Overall, the introduction of the printing press and the generally increasing availability of literature to the masses, allowed for more rapid transfers of elite beliefs in witchcraft and especially women as active participants. The trials of women within this period serve to reinforce and validate the beliefs transmitted through popular literature. One of the most confusing and baffling aspects of the ‘women as witches’ theme is that many actually confessed to charges against them. This of course did not help the assumption that ‘women were witches’ and served to just heighten the prosecutions and fuel the killings. Many ‘witches’ claimed that their experiences had been worthwhile and showed virtually no remorse whatsoever for their supposed actions. This was the case all over Europe and not just England, even though the killings were much more prevalent and torture much more extreme on the continent than in England. However, P. Levack described this fact as less surprising when various other considerations were taken into account. Such as the ‘women often being brought up to believe that they were indeed instruments of Satan and that they were the only imperfection within God’s creation’ (P. B. Levack, 1995). This however was simply society’s effort to instil such beliefs so as to relieve the worry of female independence and to of course resume the scapegoat it had found within the period in question. It is particularly interesting to note that many women actually testified against others within the community. They made up 43 % of witnesses against other women. Briggs’ notices that ‘women were active in building up reputations through gossip, deploying counter-magic and accusing suspects’ (Briggs, 1995). Women were completely surrounded by each sector of society and it was virtually impossible for them to escape punishment of some sort if they had first been accused of witchcraft. Ecclesiastically, the whole Church acknowledged the position of women as witches within society; and this simply gave the general public the opportunity to lay the blame for all the famine, disease, deaths and religious intolerance within previous years. The elite simply kept maintaining this strongly held belief in witchcraft and furthermore sustained the prosecutions and provided the literature and ethics with which to support these beliefs. What is key to this topic is that most prosecution cases actually refer directly to traditionally female aspects, such as the home, the kitchen, and the nursery; and on ‘culturally defined female tasks or occupations such as feeding (poisoning), child-rearing (infanticide), healing (harming), birth (death)’ (Christina Hole, date unknown). Furthermore, women within society were very much pacified throughout this time and this meant that they were easy targets for attack. These poor victims of attack simply existed within a delicate age of uncertainty, confusion and anger. Society believed in the existence of witchcraft and in the exponents of maleficia, the women of the times. On a more local scale too, communities widely looked to the accusation of witchcraft as a means to a specific end, whether it concerned land disputes or money disputes etc. These were very testing times, times of extreme economic struggles and religious disputes. In conclusion, it is interesting to note that as standards of living vastly improved and religious irregularities disappeared, prosecutions decreased dramatically and people suddenly began to notice that most prosecutions were actually highly nonsensical and irrational. Society gradually came to accept that it had indeed made many mistakes. How to cite Why were Witches women?, Papers

Contemporary ICT and Engineering Issues

Question: Discuss about theContemporary ICT and Engineering Issues. Answer: Digital Business Digital Business is the process of creating new and improved business designs by the procedure of blurring out the physical and digital worlds.[1] Digital Business is a broad topic that caters the demands of digital customer and is an amalgamation of e-commerce, collaborative economy and APIs.[2] Digital Business refers to the set of methods and procedures that fulfill the customer vision by creating new values in the market and builds foundation capabilities that support the overall architecture.[3] I agree with the first definition as digital business is much more than e-business due to the presence of a number of components and entities belonging to the physical as well as the digital. It is rightly an amalgamation of both of these fields. I partially agree with definition two as the demands of the digital customers are definitely met by the digital business but it is way more than e-commerce or collaborative economy. It is a massive integration of things, people, ideas and strategies. I agree with definition three as the customer vision is met by the methods of digital business and it has definitely provided new values in the market and has provided the existing practices a complete transformation. Digital business is a real concept as the present era is an era of digital innovation and technologies. The customers and their demands also revolve around the digital media and methods. Digital business, thus, provides a set of methods that can achieve the same by integrating a number of physical ad digital entities. Internet of Things Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of objects that are connected together from various mediums and sources and function together in the presence of network which is mostly the Internet. IoT is a disruptive trend as it is set to introduce new value creation and value capture in the market. It disrupts the business models by succeeding a shift of mindset associated with customer needs, offering, and role of data, control points and capability development as well.[4] Big Data The three characteristics of Big Data are as described below: Volume Big data comprises of massive volume and huge chunks of data for a particular organization or an industry and comprises of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. Velocity In the traditional practices, data was gathered with the aid of batch processes. However, Big Data allows gathering and collection to take place in real time and thus enhances the velocity of the entire process. Variety Format is no longer a constraint during data gathering, collection and analysis and the same is a prime characteristic of Big Data. It stores, handles, analyzes and manages varied data types and formats.[5] Social Media Web 1.0 Web 2.0 It is a readable phrase of the World Wide Web (WWW) It is the writable phrase of the World Wide Web (WWW) It comprises of flat data It comprises of interactive data It basically allows the users to provide information and does not support interactions It allows the users to freely interact with each other It includes informational portal as a prime capability and feature It includes information sharing, interaction , participation and collaboration as prime capabilities Example: Personal web sites Example: YouTube, Facebook, blogs[6] Cloud Computing Gartner has highlighted a number of myths that are associated with cloud computing. Out of the 10 myths that have been covered, one of them same that cloud is always about money. This is necessarily a myth as there are a number of services and platforms that are present over cloud for negligible price or even free of cost. There are multiple cloud based databases that can be downloaded and used for free. The money that is involved with cloud depends upon a lot many factors such as type of service required, aim of the service, primary goals, platform to be used and many others. Thus, this is rightly a myth and the money around the concept should never be taken for granted. References Cormode, G. and Krishnamurthy, B. (2008). Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0. First Monday, [online] 13(6). Available at: https://firstmonday.org/article/view/2125/1972 [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Drner, K. and Edelman, D. (2016). What digital really means. [online] McKinsey Company. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/what-digital-really-means [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Gartner, (2014). Digital Strategy - Free Research from Gartner - Click Here. [online] Gartner IT Glossary. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/digital-business/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Hinchcliffe, D. (2015). What is Digital Business? Is it E-Commerce, the Collaborative Economy, or APIs? Yes. Adjuvi. [online] Adjuvi.com. Available at: https://adjuvi.com/what-is-digital-business-is-it-e-commerce-the-collaborative-economy-or-apis-yes/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Hui, G. (2014). How the Internet of Things Changes Business Models. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/07/how-the-internet-of-things-changes-business-models [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Ishwarappa, and Anuradha, J. (2015). A Brief Introduction on Big Data 5Vs Characteristics and Hadoop Technology. Procedia Computer Science, [online] 48, pp.319-324. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050915006973 [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016].